II. Zależności statystyczne

Marek Jerzy. Minakowski, Prehistoria logiki formalnej

I. Fragmenta prearistotelicorum

6. Katalog fragmentów logicznych znalezionych w pismach prearystotelików

14. Hipokrates, Sztuka II

Ogólne rozważania o sztuce (wstęp do traktaciku o sztuce medycznej), wyraźne podobieństwa do traktatu Gorgiasza na ten sam temat.

^IIΔοκεῖ δή μοι τὸ μὲν σύμπαν τέχνη εἶναι οὐδεμία οὐκ ἐοῦσα· καὶ γὰρ ἄλογον τῶν ἐόντων τι ἡγεῖσϑαι μὴ ἐόν· ἐπεὶ τῶν γε μὴ ἐόντων τίνα ἂν τίς οὐσίην ϑεησάμενος ἀπαγγείλειεν ὡς ἔστιν; εἰ γὰρ δὴ ἔστι γ' ἰδεῖν τὰ μὴ ἐόντα, ὥσπερ τὰ ἐόντα, οὐκ οἶδ' ὅπως ἄν τις αὐτὰ νομίσειε μὴ ἐόντα, ἅ γε εἴη καὶ ὀϕϑαλμοῖσιν ἰδεῖν καὶ γνώμῃ νοῆσαι ὡς ἔστιν· ἀλλ' ὅπως μὴ οὐκ ᾖ τοῦτο τοιοῦτον· ἀλλὰ τὰ μὲν ἐόντα αἰεὶ ὁρᾶταί τε καὶ γινώσκεται, τὰ δὲ μὴ ἐόντα οὔτε ὁρᾶται οὔτε γινώσκεται. γινώσκεται τοίνυν δεδειγμένων ἤδη τῶν τεχνέων, καὶ οὐδεμία ἐστὶν ἥ γε ἔκ τινος εἴδεος οὐχ ὁρᾶται. οἶμαι δ' ἔγωγε καὶ τὰ ὀνόματα οὐτὰς διὰ τὰ εἴδεα λαβεῖν· ἄλογον γὰρ ἀπὸ τῶν ὀνομάτων ἡγεῖσϑαι τὰ εἴδεα βλαστάνειν, καὶ ἀδύνατον· τὰ μὲν γὰρ ὀνόματα νομοϑετήματά ἐστι, τὰ δὲ εἴδεα οὐ νομοϑετήματα, ἀλλὰ βλαστήματα ϕύσιος.

1.

Δοκεῖ […] μοι τὸ […] σύμπαν τέχνην εἶναι (II)

τέχνη ⊆ ὄν

sztuka ⊆ byt

Zał.

2.

Δοκεῖ […] μοι τὸ […] σύμπαν τέχνην εἶναι οὐδεμία οὐκ ἐοῦσα (II)

τέχνη ∥ μὴ ὄν

sztuka ∥ niebyt

1., 3., R1.2.4.1

3.

καὶ […] ἄλογον τῶν ἐόντων τι ἡγεῖσϑαι μὴ ἐόν (II)

ὄν ∥ μὴ ὄν

byt ∥ niebyt

4., 7., R1.3.9.1

4.

ἐπεὶ τῶν […] μὴ ἐόντων τίνα ἂν τίς οὐσίην ϑεησάμενος ἀπαγγείλειεν ὡς ἔστιν; (II)

μὴ ὄν ∥ γνωστόν

niebyt ∥ poznawalne

5., 6., R2.2.5

5.

εἰ […] ἔστι […] ἰδεῖν τὰ μὴ ἐόντα, ὥσπερ τὰ ἐόντα, οὐκ οἶδ' ὅπως ἄν τις αὐτὰ νομίσειε μὴ ἐόντα, ἅ γε εἴη καὶ ὀϕϑαλμοῖσιν ἰδεῖν καὶ γνώμῃ νοῆσαι ὡς ἔστιν (II)

μὴ ὄν ∦ γνωστόν → μὴ ὄν ∦ ὁρώμενον ὡς ἔστιν

niebyt ∦ poznawalne → niebyt ∦ widziane że jest

Zał.

6.

ἀλλ' ὅπως μὴ οὐκ ᾖ τοῦτο τοιοῦτον (II)

μὴ ὄν ∥ ὁρώμενον ὡς ἔστιν

niebyt ∥ widziane że jest

Fakt

7.

ἀλλὰ τὰ […] ἐόντα αἰεὶ ὁρᾶταί τε καὶ γινώσκεται (II)

ὄν ⊆ ὁρώμενον ∩ γνωστόν

byt ⊆ widziany ∩ poznawany

Zał.

8.

ἄλογον […] ἀπὸ τῶν ὀνομάτων ἡγεῖσϑαι τὰ εἴδεα βλαστάνειν, καὶ ἀδύνατον (II)

εἴδεα ∥ ὀνόματα

istoty ∥ nazwy

9., 10., R1.2.4.5

9.

τὰ […] ὀνόματα νομοϑετήματά ἐστι (II)

ὀνόματα ⊆ νομοϑετήματά

nazwy ⊆ umowne

Zał.

10.

τὰ […] εἴδεα οὐ νομοϑετήματα (II)

εἴδεα ∥ νομοϑετήματα

istoty ∥ umowne

Zał.

(Loeb)

Now it seems to me that generally speaking there is no art which does not exist; in fact it is absurd to regard as non-existent one of the things that exist. Since what substance could there be of non-existents, and who could behold them and declare that they exist? For if really it be possible to see the non-existent, as it is to see the existent, I do not know how a man could regard as non-existent what he can both see with his eyes and with his mind think that it exists. Nay, it cannot be so; but the existent is always seen and known, and the non-existent is neither seen nor known. Now reality is known when the arts have been already revealed, and there is no art which is not seen as the result of some real essence. I for my part think that the names also of the arts have been given them because of their real essences; for it is absurd — nay impossible — to hold that real essences spring from names. For names are conventions, but real essences are not conventions but the offspring of nature.