II. Zależności statystyczne

Marek Jerzy. Minakowski, Prehistoria logiki formalnej

I. Fragmenta prearistotelicorum

6. Katalog fragmentów logicznych znalezionych w pismach prearystotelików

2. Antyfon, Tetralogia pierwsza II, 4–6

Ta sama sprawa, odparcie zarzutów.

^{II, 4}῎Αϑλια μὲν οὖν πάσχω μὴ ἀπολογεῖσϑαι μόνον βιαζόμενος, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς ἀποκτείναντας ϕανεροὺς καταστῆσαι· ὅμως δὲ καὶ τοῦτο ἐπιχειρητέον· οὐδὲν γὰρ πικρότερον τῆς ἀνάγκης ἔοικεν εἶναι. ἔχω δὲ οὐδαμῶς ἄλλως ἐλέγχειν ἢ ἐξ ὧν τοὺς ἄλλους ὁ κατήγορος ἀπολύων αὐτὸν τὸν ϑάνατόν ϕησι μηνύειν ἐμὲ τὸν ϕονέα ὄντα. εἰ γὰρ τούτων ἀναιτίων δοκούντων εἶναι ἐν ἐμοὶ τἀδίκημα ϕανεῖται, τούτων ὑπόπτων ὄντων ἐγὼ εἰκότως 〈ἄν〉 καϑαρὸς δοκοίην εἶναι.

⁵῎Εστι δὲ οὐκ ἀπεικός, ὡς οὗτοί ϕασιν, ἀλλὰ εἰκὸς ἀωρὶ τῶν νυκτῶν πλανώμενον ἐπὶ τοῖς ἱματίοις διαϕϑαρῆναι. τὸ γὰρ μὴ ἐκδυϑῆναι οὐδὲν σημεῖόν ἐστιν· εἰ γὰρ μὴ ἔϕϑησαν περιδύσαντες αὐτόν, ἀλλά τινας προσιόντας ϕοβηϑέντες ἀπέλιπον, ἐσωϕρόνουν καὶ οὐκ ἐμαίνοντο τὴν σωτηρίαν τοῦ κέρδους προτιμῶντες. ⁶εἰ δὲ μὴ καὶ ἐπὶ τοῖς ἱματίοις διεϕϑάρη, ἀλλ' ἑτέρους ἰδὼν ἄλλο τι κακὸν ποιοῦντας, ἵνα μὴ μηνυτὴς τοῦ ἀδικήματος γένηται, ἀπέϑανεν ὑπ' αὐτῶν, τίς οἶδε; τοὺς δὲ μὴ πολὺ ἧσσον ἐμοῦ μισοῦντας αὐτόν — ἦσαν δὲ πολλοί — πῶς οὐκ εἰκὸς ἦν ἐμοῦ μᾶλλον διαϕϑεῖραι εὐτόν; ἐκείνοις μὲν γὰρ ϕανερὰ ἦν ἡ ὑποψία εἰς ἐμὲ ἰοῦσα, ἐγὼ δὲ ὑπὲρ ἐκείνων ὑπαίτιος ἐσόμενος σαϕῶς ᾔδη.

1.

ἔχω […] οὐδαμῶς ἄλλως ἐλέγχειν ἢ ἐξ ὧν τοὺς ἄλλους ὁ κατήγορος ἀπολύων αὐτὸν τὸν ϑάνατόν ϕησι μηνύειν ἐμὲ τὸν ϕονέα ὄντα (II, 4)

κακοῦργος ἀπέκτεινε ∨ παροινήσας ἀπέκτεινε ∨ λοιδορούμενος ἀπέκτεινε ∨ ἄλλου στοχαζόμενος ἀπέκτεινε ∨ κατηγορούμενος ἀπέκτεινε

złodziej zabił ∨ ktoś pijany zabił ∨ ktoś skłócony zabił ∨ ktoś celujący w innego zabił ∨ oskarżony zabił

Zał.

2.

εἰ […] τούτων ἀναιτίων δοκούντων εἶναι ἐν ἐμοὶ τἀδίκημα ϕανεῖται, τούτων ὑπόπτων ὄντων ἐγὼ εἰκότως 〈ἄν〉 καϑαρὸς δοκοίην εἶναι (II, 4)

κακοῦργος ἀπέκτεινε ∨ παροινήσας ἀπέκτεινε ∨ λοιδορούμενος ἀπέκτεινε ∨ ἄλλου στοχαζόμενος ἀπέκτεινε → ~ κατηγορούμενος ἀπέκτεινε

złodziej zabił ∨ ktoś pijany zabił ∨ ktoś skłócony zabił ∨ ktoś celujący w innego zabił → ~ oskarżony zabił

1., R2.8.1

Następnie oskarżony próbuje wykazać wysokie prawdopodobieństwo faktu, że

3.

κακοῦργος ἀπέκτεινε ∨ παροινήσας ἀπέκτεινε ∨ λοιδορούμενος ἀπέκτεινε ∨ ἄλλου στοχαζόμενος ἀπέκτεινε

złodziej zabił ∨ ktoś pijany zabił ∨ ktoś skłócony zabił ∨ ktoś celujący w innego zabił

wysokie prawdopodobieństwo

by udowodnić, że

4.

~ κατηγορούμενος ἀπέκτεινε

~ oskarżony zabił

2., 3., R2.1.2

Odrzuca przy tym kolejne założenia oskarżyciela.

(Loeb)

My plight is indeed hapless: I am forced not only to defend myself, but to reveal the criminals as well. Still, I must attempt this further task; nothing, it seems, is more relentless than necessity. I can expose the criminals, I may say, only by following the principle used by my accuser, who establishes the innocence of every one else and then asserts that the circumstances of death in themselves show the murderer to be me. If the apparent innocence of every one else is to fasten the crime upon me, it is only logical for me to be held guiltless, should others be brought under suspicion.

It is not, as the prosecution maintain, unlikely that a man wandering about at the dead of night should be murdered for his clothing; nothing is more likely. The fact that he was not stripped indicates nothing. If the approach of passers-by startled his assailants into quitting him before they had had time to strip him, they showed sense, not madness, in preferring their lives to their spoils. Further, he may not in fact have been murdered for his clothing: he may have seen others engaged in some quite different outrage and have been killed by them to prevent his giving information of the crime: who knows? Again, were not those who hated him almost as much as I did — and there were a great many — more likely to have murdered him than I? It was plain to them that suspicion would fall on me; while I knew very well that I should bear the blame for them.