II. Zależności statystyczne

Marek Jerzy. Minakowski, Prehistoria logiki formalnej

I. Fragmenta prearistotelicorum

7. Dodatek 1.: fragmenty logiczne we fragmentach presokratyków

211. Diogenes z Apollonii, Fr. 2

Dowód jedności bytu.

ἐμοὶ δὲ δοκεῖ τὸ μὲν ξύμπαν εἰπεῖν πάντα τὰ ὄντα ἀπὸ τοῦ αὐτοῦ ἑτεροιοῦσϑαι καὶ τὸ αὐτὸ εἶναι. καὶ τοῦτο εὔδηλον· εἰ γὰρ τὰ ἐν τῷδε τῷ κόσμῳ ἐόντα νῦν, γῆ καὶ ὕδωρ καὶ ἀὴρ καὶ πῦρ καὶ τὰ ἄλλα ὅσα ϕαίνεται ἐν τῷδε τῷ κόσμῳ ἐόντα, εἰ τούτων τι ἦν ἕτερον τοῦ ἑτέρου, ἕτερον ὂν τῷ ἰδίᾳ ϕύσει, καὶ μὴ τὸ αὐτὸ ἐὸν μετέπιπτε πολλαχῶς καὶ ἑτεροιοῦτο, οὐδαμῇ οὔτε μίσγεσϑαι ἀλλήλοις ἠδύνατο, οὔτε ὠϕέλησις τῷ ἑτέρῳ λὔτε βλάβη, οὐδ' ἂν οὔτε ϕυτὸν ἐκ τῆς γῆς ϕῦναι οὔτε ζῷον οὔτε ἄλλο γενέσϑαι οὐδέν, εἰ μὴ οὕτω σινίστατο ὥστε ταὐτὸ εἶναι. ἀλλὰ πάντα ταῦτα ἐκ τοῦ αὐτοῦ ἑτεροιούμενα ἄλλοτε ἀλλοῖα γίνεται καὶ εἰς τὸ αὐτὸ ἀναχωρεῖ.

1.

τὸ […] ξύμπαν […] τὸ αὐτὸ εἶναι

πάντα τὸ αὐτό ἐστι

wszystko jest tym samym

2., 3., R2.2.7

2.

εἰ […] τὰ […] ἐόντα νῦν […] εἰ τούτων τι ἦν ἕτερον τοῦ ἑτέρου […] οὐδαμῇ οὔτε μίσγεσϑαι ἀλλήλοις ἠδύνατο

~ πάντα τὸ αὐτό ἐστι → ~ πάντα μίσγεσϑαι ἀλλήλοις δύνατον

~ wszystko jest tym samym → ~ wszystko może się mieszać

Zał.

3.

ἀλλὰ πάντα ταῦτα ἐκ τοῦ αὐτοῦ ἑτεροιούμενα ἄλλοτε ἀλλοῖα γίνεται καὶ εἰς τὸ αὐτὸ ἀναχωρεῖ

πάντα μίσγεσϑαι ἀλλήλοις δύνατον

wszystko może się mieszać

Zał.

(Kirk)

My opinion, in sum, is that all existing things are differentiated from the same thing, and are the same thing. And this is manifest: for if the things that exist at present in this wold-order — earth and water and air and fire and all the other things apparent in this wold-order — if any of these were different from the other (different, that is, in its own proper nature), and did not retain an essential identity while undergoing many changes and differentiations, it would be in no way possible for them to mix with each other, or for one to help or harm the other, or for a growing plant to grow out of the earth or for a living creature or anything else to come into being, unless they were so composed as to be the same thing. But all these things, being differentiated from the same thing, become of different kinds at different times and return into the same thing.